Saturday, August 10, 2013

'Human trafficking ring' broken up

'Human trafficking ring' broken up

Dozens of suspected people-traffickers have been arrested in Spain and France, suspected of smuggling Chinese migrants into Europe and US, police have said.
The main bosses of the organisation, which was reportedly based in Barcelona, were among those arrested.
Some 81 fake passports from countries around Asia were seized.
Breaking news
Police said the gang charged Chinese people more than 40,000 euros (£34,000; $53,000) to smuggle them to countries including the UK, Ireland and Turkey.
The Spanish police said 51 people had been detained in Spain and another 24 in France.
The force said some of the group's activities opened up the immigrants to sexual exploitation.

Urban-based birds 'learn to rap'

Urban-based birds 'learn to rap'

Birds living in cities are performing a type of "avian rap" while their rural counterparts are sticking to more traditional sounds, a study shows.
Dutch researchers found that urban species of birds sing short, fast songs rather than the slower melodies of countryside birds.

A great tit
There are an estimated 1.7million great tit pairs in the UK

City birds also sing at a higher pitch and will try out different song types.
Experts said city birds have adapted to counter background noise and increase their chances of finding a mate.
Varied songs
The research focused on great tits in ten major European cities, including London, Paris, Amsterdam and Prague, and compared them to forest-dwellers.
In every comparison city birds sang a more varied array of songs, which were short and had higher minimum frequencies.
Urban tits consistently experimented with between one and five note calls, while those in forests close to the cities stuck to more normal combinations of two, three and four note tunes, the research found.
The study even gives the example of one Rotterdam great tit attempting a 16-note song, possibly copied from a blue tit.
Territory
The study, by a team of researchers from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, is the first to establish a Europe-wide pattern of diverging birdsong.
Study leaders said birds had developed shorter, more varied, higher pitched sounds to make themselves heard above trains, aircraft and road traffic.
Male birds use their song to mark their territory. If their song is not heard they may come face to face with rivals and end up having to fight them off, the experts said.
Attracting females
They also use song to attract mates and have had to adapt to make sure they are heard by females.
The research paper, published in the journal Current Biology, said: "Our data show that the adjustment of individual great tits to local noise conditions is not a local phenomenon but occurs throughout Europe and probably in all noisy urban areas.
It went on: "Urban birds often experience very noisy conditions while singing, which may influence the efficacy of their acoustic signals.
"Male birds typically sing to defend a territory and to attract mates.
"If their song is not heard by the targeted audience they have to physically fight off intruders, and attracting females may be difficult." 

Florence tomb opened in quest to find 'Mona Lisa'

Florence tomb opened in quest to find 'Mona Lisa'

Vases and human bones lie in the family tomb of Francesco del Giocondo. 9 Aug 2013The tomb, opened for the first time, held vases and bones
Scientists in the Italian city of Florence have opened a tomb to extract DNA they hope will identify the model for Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa.
The tomb contains the family of Lisa Gherardini, a silk merchant's wife who is believed to have sat for the artist.
It is hoped DNA will help to identify her from three skeletons found last year in a nearby convent.
Experts have for centuries puzzled over the woman featured in the Mona Lisa, and the reason for her cryptic smile.
To find the DNA they needed, scientists cut a round hole in the stone church floor above the family crypt of Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo. The tomb lies behind the altar of the Santissima Annunziata Basilica.

Mona Lisa close-up

Mona Lisa at the Louvre, Paris (file image)
  • Begun between 1503 and 1506, the half-portrait measures just 77cm by 53 cm (2ft 6in by 1 ft 8in)
  • Painted using sfumato technique to blur sharp edges by blending colours, leaving corners of the eyes and the mouth in shadow
  • Background painted with fewer distinct outlines than foreground in technique known as aerial perspective, that gives painting more depth
  • Acquired by France's King Francis I and put on permanent display in the Louvre in 1797
  • Stolen in 1911 by ex-Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia who believed it should be returned to Italy; replaced in the Louvre when Peruggia was apprehended two years later
Writer and researcher Silvano Vinceti plans to compare DNA from the bones with that of three women buried at the nearby convent of Saint Ursula.
Lisa Gherardini died there as a nun in 1542.
It is hoped that some of the bones will belong to at least one of her blood relation, probably her son, Piero.
"When we find a match between mother and child - then we will have found the Mona Lisa," said Mr Vinceti.
He added that once a DNA match is made, an image of Gherardini's face can be generated from the skull and compared with the painting.
Self-portrait?
Leonardo da Vinci took about 15 years to complete what has become one of the most famous paintings of all time.
One of the artist's favourite paintings, he carried it with him until he died in 1519.
It was acquired by King Francis I, who ruled France from 1515 to 1547. The painting was put on permanent display in the Louvre in Paris at the end of the 18th century.
The piece was stolen from the museum in 1911 by a former employee who believed it belonged in Italy.
The Mona Lisa returns to the LouvreThe Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre in 1911 but returned three years later
He was apprehended by police two years later, and the Mona Lisa was safely returned.
While its small size can surprise Louvre visitors, the painting is the biggest attraction in the museum.
One popular, if unlikely, theory suggests it was a self-portrait.
There are similarities between the facial features of the Mona Lisa and of the artist's self-portrait painted many years later, with some suggesting this is the reason behind the portrait's famed enigmatic smile.
Mona Lisa at the Louvre, Paris (file imageThe Mona Lisa is a top attraction at the Louvre museum in Paris

French police step up watch on British drivers

French police step up watch on British drivers

French police can issue on-the-spot fines to British drivers

It is the height of the French holiday season and, under a scorching sun, a police team watches for speeding drivers on a highway near Toulouse.
For tens of thousands of tourists from northern Europe, the A64 marks the final stretch before reaching their holiday destinations.
Most are heading for the Pyrenees mountains or seaside resorts like Biarritz or St Jean de Luz. And often they are in a hurry to get there, especially after spending hours on the road in northern France.
French police say many foreign drivers break the speed limit because they know they can avoid a fine. EU figures show that foreign drivers make up 5% of road traffic but account for 15% of speeding offences in the 28-nation bloc.
But new EU legislation is coming into force this year, aimed at tackling that anomaly. The deadline for implementation across the EU is 7 November.
Member states can now exchange data on motoring offences, to track down guilty drivers. So if a French camera catches a Spanish motorist speeding, that driver will still have to pay a fine in Spain - provided the driver is the owner of the vehicle.
Even before the EU directive came along, France had adopted such cross-border arrangements with Belgium, Luxembourg and Switzerland, which is not in the EU.
However, the UK, Republic of Ireland and Denmark have opted out of the EU directive.
So the only way motorists from those countries can be sanctioned on French roads - and there are many more from Britain than Ireland or Denmark - is if they are caught in the act by the police and made to pay on-the-spot fines.
'Pay up now'
A 32-strong special division of the gendarmerie is equipped with special binoculars that can calculate speeds. They watch discreetly, about a kilometre before a toll booth, on a section of the A64 where the speed limit is 110km/h (68 mph).
French police speed checkSpecial binoculars are used to spot speeding drivers
French motorists are given a fine that they can pay at a later date, but foreign drivers are in for a surprise. They have to pay cash up front.
Lt Benjamin Dupain runs the operation. "They have to pay on the spot. If they don't have any money on them and they are on their own, they will be driven to the nearest cashpoint machine. If they really have no money at all, then an on-duty judge will be called to decide what to do. But that can mean waiting around for up to three days and the car will not be allowed to move," he says.
British motoring association the RAC told the BBC that "finding you are liable for an on-the-spot fine of up to 375 euros (£323) when holidaying in France, with no option to have this transferred back to the UK, can be a very unwelcome surprise".
An RAC spokesman said British drivers should "do their homework before they leave" to comply with French rules, for example, the need to carry a reflective jacket.

French rules of the road

  • Maximum speed on motorway is 130km/h (80 mph)
  • On-the-spot fine of 90 euros if driver goes up to 40km/h over limit
  • If speed breaks limit by more than 40km/h, police can seize car and demand 750-euro fine
  • Driver must have a reflective jacket and warning triangle in car - fine can be 90 euros if either is missing
  • In-car radar detectors are illegal
Foreign truck drivers are also frequently stopped. One British driver, Richard Parker, was pulled over and his lorry was weighed, his paperwork checked. He told the BBC that the police are very fair, providing you abide by the rules in France.
Pretending not to speak French will not help drivers here. The police I followed had a more than adequate level of English. One had spent a year training with the British army and another had worked as a home-help in Buckinghamshire.
British police sometimes even join their French counterparts on missions in northern France, though they do not have the authority to issue fines on French territory.
The French police stress that British drivers are not the worst offenders - they say some of the fastest drivers are Dutch and Swiss.
Other driving offences also come under the new cross-border agreement, such as drink-driving or using a mobile phone at the wheel.
The UK government has several reasons for staying out of the new EU data exchange. It is not happy that the directive means exchanging vehicle owner information, rather than driver information - and often, it argues, the offending driver does not own the vehicle.
The UK government also says fines are a poor deterrent for bad driving, compared with points on a driving licence, or the threat of losing a licence altogether. And the government wants to assess the cost of setting up the EU-wide data exchange system before joining in.
But the UK opt-out means that foreign drivers on British soil are also unlikely to be fined for offences, unless British police catch them on the spot too.

Hot springs and hummingbirds in Ecuador

Papallacta, Ecuador humming bird

A far cry from its origin as a potato-growing centre, Papallacta, Ecuador's highest town, has become famous for its wondrous natural treasures. Read more. (Andrew Bain)

Mexico and marijuana: A leaf out of Uruguay's book?

Mexico and marijuana: A leaf out of Uruguay's book?

Tepoztlan

Mexico and marijuana: A leaf out of Uruguay's book?

Tepoztlan
Ten days ago, the lower house of Uruguay's parliament passed a law legalising marijuana, reflecting a growing sentiment in Latin America that the current prohibition on drugs should change. Could Mexico be next?
Arguably, Mexico has lost the most in the war on drugs, with tens of thousands of drug-related killings every year. But there are now calls for Mexico to take a leaf out of Uruguay's book and pass similar legislation.
Tepoztlan is known as a pueblo magico, a magic village. Rugged, jungle-covered mountains ring a small Jesuit conurbation of colonial cobbled streets. At the summit of one of the peaks, a pre-Hispanic temple, Tepozteco, looms above the village, as both guardian and deity, lending a further sense of mysticism to the place.
As such, Tepoztlan is a popular destination for young hipsters and ageing hippies alike. At night, the mezcal flows, and in the more tolerant bars, the unmistakeable wafts of pungent marijuana smoke billow across the customers as jazz-fusion or ambient bands play on stage. The vibe is mellow, to say the least.

From Our Own Correspondent

US police find cannabis smuggled in from Mexico
  • Insight and analysis from BBC correspondents, journalists and writers from around the world
  • Broadcast on Radio 4 and BBC World Service
And if Vicente Fox gets his way, it could become the norm. He wants the bar owner to be allowed to offer you two menus when you come in, one for alcohol, the other for grass.
"Of course, you must enforce the law," the towering six-foot-something former Coca Cola executive told me last year. "But we need other strategies. One, which I am promoting, is legalising the consumption, production and distribution of all drugs."
Vicente Fox, lest we forget, was Mexico's president between 2000 and 2006. The first president to break 71 years of uninterrupted rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI. The man who arguably launched the drug war, as the violence began to turn up several notches towards the end of his time in office.
Now he argues: "We must take away the mammoth amount of money the criminals are getting from this income especially from the market in the United States, the largest drug consumer in the world."
That was last year, with weeks to go before the presidential election which saw his party ousted from office and replaced once again by the PRI.
This year, he went a step further, organising a forum at his ranch in Guanajuato, on the rights and wrongs of drug legalisation. Among the keynote speakers was Jamen Shively, an ex-Microsoft executive who is trying to set up the world's first commercial marijuana brand.
Vicente Fox (right) with former Microsoft executive Jamen ShivelyOne of the speakers at Mr Fox's forum was Jamen Shively (L), who wants to set up a commercial marijuana brand
For the first time, there is an industry worth up to $100m a year, and yet "no established brand name exists," he told the assembled experts and journalists with disbelief.
A former manager of Microsoft sitting on a stage next to a former executive of Coca Cola, both extolling the virtues of drug legalisation. Clearly there is money to be made in creating the world's first legal Marijuana Incorporated Company.
A man smokes marijuana in Mexico City
Mr Fox's new position on drugs is a U-turn of epic proportions. This was his take on the issue in the year 2000: "We must be against the consumption of drugs in Mexico," he said as presidential candidate. "We should change the law so it's clear we're against the consumption of drugs... There should be an initiative in place to punish drug consumption."
Actually, in Mexico itself, the drug laws are surprisingly liberal. Since 2009 it is legal to possess up to 5g of cannabis, 2g of opiates, 0.5g of cocaine and even 50mg of heroin for personal use.

The world's 'poorest' president

Jose Mujica
Laundry is strung outside the house. The water comes from a well in a yard, overgrown with weeds. Only two police officers and Manuela, a three-legged dog, keep watch outside.
This is the residence of the president of Uruguay, Jose Mujica, whose lifestyle clearly differs sharply from that of most other world leaders.
But nevertheless, the debate rages on. Every day, it seems another high-profile politician in the region comes out in favour of change, whether it's decriminalisation or complete legalisation. Just to voice such ideas as a sitting president 10 years ago would have brought down the ire of the White House upon you, let alone to push legislation through parliament, like Jose Mujica in Uruguay.
There is one well-known Latin American who remains unconvinced, though. Pope Francis, an Argentinian, recently attended the inauguration of a drug rehab clinic in Rio de Janeiro. In his first public address on the issue, he let the world know in no uncertain terms where he stood on the question of legalisation.
"A reduction in the spread and influence of drug addiction will not be achieved by a liberalisation of drug use, as is currently being proposed in various parts of Latin America," the pontiff said.
To be honest, his comments are unlikely to concern the young people of Tepoztlan, who are far more likely to listen to the former left-wing guerrilla, President Jose Mujica in Uruguay, than the Pope.
"Mi medicina" or "My medicine," one of the dreadlocked musicians grinned at me, as she lit her post-gig joint backstage. Soon, she may even be able to buy it at the pharmacy.

Migrants die in Italy boat shipwreck off Catania

Migrants die in Italy boat shipwreck off Catania

The bodies of six migrants apparently killed in a shipwreck have been recovered on a beach in southern Italy.
Officials in the Sicilian port of Catania say dozens of other migrants have been rescued.
Italian media say the boat ran aground about 15m (50ft) from shore and the migrants were thrown into the sea. Some drowned because they could not swim.
The UN says some 7,800 illegal migrants and asylum seekers landed in Italy in the first half of this year.
A picture released by the Italian coast guards shows coast guards puling a man as they help immigrants out of their dinghy on August 8, 2013 in the Mediterranean, off LampedusaThousands of illegal migrants try to make it to Europe by boat every year
Most come from sub-Saharan African countries, particularly Somalia and Eritrea.
The UN said almost 500 people were reported dead or missing at sea during 2012 in attempts to reach Europe.
In Saturday's incident, the boat was carrying about 120 migrants.
Some reports said women and children were among those on board.
The bodies were reportedly found by employees at a beach resort nearby.
There is no information yet about their nationality but one port official speculated that they were Syrian.

US embassies to reopen after al-Qaeda terror alert

US embassies to reopen after al-Qaeda terror alert

Car searched near US embassy in Sanaa. 6 Aug 2013Security forces in the Yemeni capital have been placed on high alert
The US says 18 of the 19 diplomatic missions recently closed due to security threats will reopen on Sunday.
The state department says its embassy in the Yemeni capital Sanaa will stay closed "because of ongoing concerns".
The US closed 19 diplomatic missions in the Middle East and Africa last Sunday in response to what it said was a threat of a terrorist attack.
The consulate in the Pakistani city of Lahore, which closed after a separate threat, will also not reopen yet.
"We will continue to evaluate the threats to Sanaa and Lahore and make subsequent decisions about the reopening of those facilities based on that information," said spokeswoman Jen Psaki.
"We will also continue to evaluate information about these and all of our posts and to take appropriate steps to best protect the safety of our personnel, American citizens travelling overseas, and visitors to our facilities."
On Thursday, at least 14 suspected al-Qaeda militants - reportedly including seven from Saudi Arabia - were killed in Yemen in three drone strikes, Yemeni officials said.
The number of US strikes in Yemen has been stepped up over the past month.
Yemen is a stronghold of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) - an al-Qaeda offshoot considered by Washington to be the most dangerous to the West.
Staff evacuated
The US statement said the Sanaa embassy would stay closed because of concerns about a "threat stream" emanating from AQAP, without providing further details.
map
Most US employees at the Sanaa embassy were ordered to leave the country on Tuesday.
The embassy closures, along with a US global travel alert, came after the US reportedly intercepted al-Qaeda messages.
Reports said they were between senior figures talking about a plot against an embassy.
The US closed its consulate in Lahore on Thursday and evacuated all non-essential staff following what it described as "a credible threat".
US officials said the evacuation was undertaken as a precaution and not related to the closure of the other diplomatic missions.
AQAP targeted
Thursday's drone attacks in Yemen targeted a group of suspected militants, killing four of them in Wadi al-Jadd in the southern province of Hadramout, Yemeni officials told the BBC.
A day earlier, Yemen said it had foiled a major al-Qaeda plot against oil pipelines and ports.
Two strikes in Marib and Hadramout provinces killed 10 suspected militants, the security officials said, while another seven people died in a drone attack on Wednesday.
While the US has acknowledged targeting militants in Yemen with drones, it does not comment publicly on its policy or the raids.
About 30 suspected militants have been killed in a series of such raids in Yemen since 28 July, news agencies report.
On Thursday, Yemeni counter-terrorism forces raided a number of addresses north of the capital Sanaa after a tip-off that they were being used by AQAP, a Yemeni security source told BBC Arabic.

Stephanie Banister: Australian Islam gaffe goes viral

Stephanie Banister: Australian Islam gaffe goes viral

An Australian election candidate has made the wrong kind of headlines after a gaffe-strewn interview in which she mistook Islam for a country.
Stephanie Banister, a candidate with the anti-immigration One Nation Party, clocked up multiple mistakes in a TV interview with Channel 7 News.
The 27-year-old also confused the term "haram" (forbidden) with the Koran and suggested Jews worship Jesus Christ.
File photo: Halal candies on display in a supermarketStephanie Banister repeatedly used the word "haram" (forbidden) instead of "halal"
The interview, which aired early this week, has gone viral on social media.
''I don't oppose Islam as a country, umm, but I do feel that their laws should not be welcome here in Australia,'' Ms Banister told Seven News reporter Erin Edwards.
Ms Banister, who is standing for the parliamentary seat of Rankin in Brisbane, also claimed that 2% of Australians ''follow haram'' when presumably she meant the Islamic text, the Koran.
Haram is a Muslim term used for something that is forbidden or punishable.
Ms Banister then repeatedly used the word haram when she apparently meant to say "halal".
Halal in fact means the opposite and is commonly used to refer to the Islamic laws on food preparation.
When subsequently asked if she opposed the Jewish laws of kosher as well, the would-be MP replied: "Jews aren't under haram. They have their own religion which follows Jesus Christ."
File photo: Sarah PalinCommentators have compared Ms Banister to Sarah Palin (pictured)
During the interview Ms Banister was also asked to name the candidates from the two mainstream parties in her seat, but came up short and admitted: "I'm still learning all of the names of people in politics."
Some commentators here are making comparisons with the former US Vice-Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin, who became infamous for her media slip-ups when running for office in 2008.
Even before this interview Ms Banister was regarded as a rank outsider to win her seat.
The mother-of-two rose to prominence when she was arrested for going into a supermarket and putting stickers saying "halal food funds terrorism" on Nestle products.
She was charged with "contaminating or interfering with goods".
Ms Banister will be forbidden from standing in the 7 September election if she is convicted before polling day.

Australia's election: 100 days to go

Australia's election: 100 days to go

Tony Abbott and Julia Gillard, pictured on 5 February 2013Three months out, is Australia's election outcome set in stone?
In a parliament often pilloried for its unruliness and childishness, last month saw a rare moment of cross-party accord.
It came with the teary announcement from Martin Ferguson, a Labor minister who resigned from the government because of his support for the former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, that he was stepping down as the MP for the seat of Batman.
Mr Fergusson, a gruff former union chief, broke down as he paid tribute to the parents who had helped launch his career.
More surprisingly, there was emotion, too, from the leader of opposition, Tony Abbott, as he bade farewell to a politician regarded as one of Labor's more competent performers.
"Well may we shed a tear," said Mr Abbott, as he himself struggled to contain his feelings, "for things which were, which should be, but which are not."
As Abbott retook his seat, Julia Gillard turned to her front bench and rolled her eyes. The subtext of his remarks, after all, was that Mr Ferguson would never have resigned had Kevin Rudd remained as leader.

Start Quote

Australia, it seems, is not having an election... but a handover”
Barrie CassidyABC political presenter
But that afternoon, and on the evening news bulletins that came later, it was Mr Abbott who came across as the more prime ministerial of the two.
After Julia Gillard ousted Kevin Rudd in June, 2010, her first words on the floor of parliament came when Tony Abbott approached to offer a congratulatory hand.
"Game on," she uttered sotto voce, clearly thinking she had his measure.
Three years on, virtually everyone in Canberra, including senior Labor figures, looks upon her as the loser.
'Like the Titanic'
As the 14 September election draws closer - there are now 100 days to go - her rival is affecting the air of a prime minister-designate. Barring some catastrophic revelation or dramatic unforeseen event, he should become the country's 28th leader.
"Australia, it seems, is not having an election on 14 September," says the ABC political presenter Barrie Cassidy, "but a handover. Never before has there been this level of expectation that a government is about to be thrown out."
Out of all the thousands of words written this year about the forthcoming election, few have so pin-pointedly hit the mark.
The polls suggest not only a defeat for Labor but also a rout. I have spoken to senior figures within the party who think it will be lucky to hold onto 30 seats, which in a parliament of 150 MPs would be calamitous. In Queensland, they could face a near wipe out.
File photo: Kevin RuddFormer Prime Minister Kevin Rudd remains popular with voters, but has ruled out a return
Some Labor insiders fear they will retain just one seat - that, emblematically, of Kevin Rudd in Brisbane. They also expect to lose a swathe of seats in the western suburbs of Sydney, another key battleground.
High-ranking figures, like the Treasurer Wayne Swan and the defence minister Stephen Smith, face a struggle to retain their seats.
Last-ditch hopes that the federal budget handed down in May could spur some sort of a comeback have now evaporated.
Kevin Rudd, a potential saviour who did not have enough support to mount a successful challenge for the Labor leadership in February, has ruled out a return in any circumstances.
Small wonder that a gallows humour has taken hold within Labor ranks.
"It's like the Titanic - we're in the final scenes," one Labor backbencher, who supports Kevin Rudd, told ABC News. "Third class has realised the doors are locked and they're not getting out. And first class are running around looking for a dress to put on."
Coup legacy
Such is the air of defeatism that some senior Labor strategists believe they should fight a noble campaign with a view to future elections rather than a nasty campaign, centred on personal attacks against Tony Abbott, that might mitigate their losses this time round.
Better to protect what is left of the Labor brand, the thinking goes, than to resort to negative tactics that have proven so off-putting to voters.
Outsiders might be surprised that a country that has weathered the global financial crisis without plunging into recession is about to punish the government so severely.
However, while Australia has enjoyed a period of relative economic stability, Canberra has gone through a phase of extreme political volatility.
Many of the government's problems flow from the coup that ousted Kevin Rudd in 2010.
File photo: Tony AbbottOpposition leader Tony Abbott remains a polarising figure
The former prime minister, and his allies, have been a wilfully destabilising presence. Julia Gillard has struggled to stamp her authority on the government, and also to find her prime ministerial voice.
Though her minority government has pushed through popular reforms, like the National Disability Insurance Scheme and the Gonksi education programme, too often Labor has given the impression of self-absorption.
Its focus, many voters feel, has been on internal politicking rather than national governance.
Nor can Julia Gillard catch a break right now.
Last week, when she visited a school in Canberra to announce a major new school funding deal, television reports devoted more time to how she had been targeted by a flying salami sandwich - a copy-cat prank modelled on a vegemite sandwich aerial assault a few weeks before.
The turn-around has been stunning. Less than six years ago, when Kevin Rudd's victory ended 11 years of conservative rule, Labor's domination was complete.
Back then, the party ruled every state and territory, and the most senior Liberal office holder was the mayor of Brisbane, Campbell Newman.
Now New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland, where Mr Newman is now the premier, are all held by the conservative coalition.
Transitional period
So often underestimated, Mr Abbott can claim much of the credit. In the months after the failed Copenhagen global warning summit, when the politics of climate change were completely upended and the Rudd project seemed to stall, he seized the initiative and contributed to his opponent's downfall.
His attacks on Julia Gillard for adopting a carbon tax, despite promising during the 2010 campaign not to do so, have damaged her credibility.
More recently, with speeches on indigenous affairs and his backing for the National Disability Insurance Scheme, he has sought to recast his public image from the attack dog of old to a leader-in-waiting.
Once seen as erratic and overly aggressive, he has emerged in recent months as a more substantial and multi-dimensional figure.
He remains a deeply polarising figure, and polls continue show he is far from being a popular figure.
But he does not appear to elicit the same fear and loathing from sections of the electorate that stopped him from winning in 2010. He seems to be passing the plausibility test.
Barrie Cassidy has likened this pre-election phase to a US presidential transition, when the winner is known, but unable to take power until the actual inauguration.
After all, few here doubt that in roughly 100 days time, Tony Abbott will be taking the oath of office.

Al-Qaeda around the world

Al-Qaeda around the world

Al-Qaeda, the Islamist militant network once led by Osama Bin Laden, may have underground cells in dozens of countries, but its main areas of activity, and those of some of its affiliates, are detailed below.
Map: Al Qaeda around the world

Afghanistan and Pakistan

Al-Qaeda was originally set up in Peshawar in 1988, and the tribal areas of the Afghanistan-Pakistan border region remain the front line in the war against Islamist militants.
Al-Qaeda's co-operation with the Taliban meant that Osama Bin Laden was given sanctuary in Afghanistan prior to the September 11 attacks on New York and Washington.
Having left Afghanistan in 2001, as a result of the US invasion, Bin Laden was ultimately found and killed in Abbottabad, Pakistan, in 2011.
Ayman al-Zawahiri, last seen in Afghanistan in October 2001, was named the new leader of al-Qaeda in June 2011.
The US has stepped up its programme of drone strikes against suspected al-Qaeda leaders in regions along Afghanistan and Pakistan's shared border under President Barack Obama - a strategy which, its supporters believe, has been effective in taking leading militants "off the battlefield".
Allies of al-Qaeda in Pakistan include Lashkar-e-Jhangvi and Lashkar-e-Taiba, who are alleged to have helped hide senior al-Qaeda figures.
Lashkar-e-Taiba founder Hafiz Mohammad Saeed helped Bin Laden set up al-Qaeda in 1988. His group was responsible for the 2008 Mumbai attacks, which killed 174 people.
The Haqqani network and other Pakistani Taliban groups are also allies of al-Qaeda, as is the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). Like al-Qaeda, it found sanctuary in Pakistan's border areas after the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.

Arabian Peninsula

Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) was formed in January 2009 by a merger between two regional offshoots of the international Islamist militant network in Yemen and Saudi Arabia.
The group has vowed to attack oil facilities, foreigners and security forces as it seeks to topple the Saudi monarchy and Yemeni government, and establish an Islamic caliphate.
AQAP members have been linked to an attempt to blow up a Detroit-bound passenger jet in December 2009, parcel bombs found on cargo planes in October 2010, and what was believed to be a further foiled attempt to bomb a US-bound passenger plane in May 2012.
A key figure in AQAP, the radical American Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, was killed in a US drone strike in September 2011.

Iraq

A jihadist insurgent group was formed in Iraq in 2003 in opposition to US-led invasion, and its leaders declared allegiance to Osama Bin Laden's network in October 2004.
Al-Qaeda in Iraq - also known as al-Qaeda of Jihad Organisation in the Land of the Two Rivers (Mesopotamia) - has been behind attacks which have killed and injured thousands of people over the past 10 years.
Violence in Iraq peaked in 2006-7, as al-Qaeda in Iraq and other Sunni groups that joined the Islamic State of Iraq umbrella organisation, targeted security forces and Shia civilians. Shia militants meanwhile launched deadly reprisal attacks.
Al-Qaeda in Iraq's capacity began to diminish in 2008, when Sunni Arab tribesmen turned on it and the US military launched a troop "surge".
However, the group remained active and in 2013 a wave of sectarian violence has swept Iraq, leaving thousands dead. The Islamic State of Iraq has been blamed for dozens of attacks on Shia districts.
It also claimed responsibility for two mass jailbreaks in July 2013, which freed hundreds of prisoners including prominent militants.

Syria

In the chaos of Syria's civil war, jihadist militant groups have come to the fore.
There is a struggle within the armed uprising against President Bashar al-Assad between moderates and radical Islamists linked to al-Qaeda.
Ayman al-Zawahiri has urged al-Qaeda fighters to strive for an Islamic state in the country.
The Islamic State of Iraq announced in April 2013 that it was merging with the leading jihadist group in Syria, the al-Nusra Front, to form the single "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant".
However, the al-Nusra Front rejected the merger - though still pledged its allegiance to al-Qaeda.

East Africa

Al-Qaeda has long been active in East Africa, the scene of the attacks on the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in August 1998.
Those attacks were carried out by fighters from Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Comoros and Saudi Arabia. Some had undergone training in Somalia, where they fled afterwards.
Rural parts of central and southern Somalia are controlled by the Islamist insurgent group al-Shabab, which aligned itself with al-Qaeda in February 2012.
Al-Shabab said it was behind the twin suicide bombings which killed 76 people in Uganda's capital Kampala in July 2010. It claimed the attacks were revenge for Uganda's decision to send peacekeeping troops to Somalia.
Despite being pushed out of key Somali cities since 20111, al-Shabab still remains in control of smaller towns and large swathes of the countryside.

North and West Africa

The vast desert spaces of the Sahara and the Sahel provide militant groups with the ideal terrain to flex their muscles.
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has perhaps been most active in Algeria, but its activities have spread right across the Sahara Desert to Mali and Niger.
AQIM has its routes in the Algerian civil war of the 1990s.
Originally known as the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), it aligned itself with Osama Bin Laden, and then changed its name in 2007. The leader of the group is Abou Mossab Abdelwadoud.
A breakaway group led by Mokhtar Belmokhtar was responsible for thehostage siege at the In Amenas gas plant in Algeria in January 2013, in which 69 people died.
In May 2013, suicide bombers attacked a military barracks and a French-run uranium mining site in the north of Niger.
France sent troops into Mali in January 2013 to drive out Islamist militants from the northern cities of Timbuktu, Kidal and Gao.
In Nigeria, home-grown militant Islamist group Boko Haram is evolving into a more international jihadist outfit.

Europe

Al Qaeda's presence in Europe is not as structured as elsewhere. Counter-terrorism officials describe militants here as inspired by al-Qaeda, but not always directed by them.
The attackers who killed 52 people in London on 7 July 2005 are believed to have had al-Qaeda links.
A major plot to bring down airliners using fertiliser bombs was foiled in 2006, and five men were convicted the following year.
Recent months have seen further convictions of British-born men for planning violence in the UK, including a plot to bomb an English Defence League rally and an "attack to rival the 7 July and 9/11 atrocities".
In April 2011 German police arrested three suspected al-Qaeda members whom they believed posed an imminent threat.
Other threats were uncovered in Europe in September 2010, when Western intelligence sources said they had disrupted a plot to seize and kill hostages in the UK, France and Germany.
Responsibility for the Madrid train bombings of March 2004, which killed nearly 200 people, was claimed by groups with links to al-Qaeda.
The al-Qaeda cell blamed for 9/11 was based in Hamburg. A mosque frequented by the 9/11 plotters was eventually closed in 2010, because it was allegedly still hosting extremists.

Asia-Pacific

In this region, two groups thought to have links to al-Qaeda are based in Indonesia and the Philippines.
Jemaah Islamiah, based in Indonesia, is believed to have been responsible for the attacks on nightclubs in Bali in 2002, which killed over 200 people.
Other targets of the group, whose history goes back to the 1980s, have included Christians in eastern Indonesia and the tourist industry.
The Abu Sayyaf group, based in the southern Philippines, is said by the United Sates to have links with the al-Qaeda network. Involved in multiple kidnaps for ransom, its main aim is for an independent Islamic state in Mindanao and the Sulu islands.